India mustard (Brassica juncea, Consp. Pl. Charc.: 8 (1859))

Family: Brassicaceae

Author: (L.) Czern.

Bibliography: Consp. Pl. Charc.: 8 (1859)

Year: 1859

Status: accepted

Rank: species

Genus: Brassica

Vegetable: False

Observations: Caucasus

Description

India mustard, scientifically known as Brassica juncea, is a distinguished member of the Brassicaceae family. Originally documented in the “Consp. Pl. Charc.” in 1859 by L. Czern., this robust species has since garnered attention for its versatility and resilience.

Found predominantly in the Caucasus region, India mustard thrives in a variety of climatic conditions, showcasing a remarkable adaptability. This plant’s hearty constitution has made it a staple in both agricultural and culinary applications.

India mustard is particularly valued for its leaves, seeds, and oils. The leaves can be consumed fresh or cooked, often forming a key ingredient in traditional dishes known for their rich, tangy flavor. The seeds, on the other hand, are typically ground to produce mustard condiments or pressed to extract mustard oil, a popular cooking medium in many cultures.

Cultivated for centuries, Brassica juncea is also known for its significant role in crop rotation and soil health. It possesses the beneficial trait of phytoremediation, helping to cleanse soils contaminated with heavy metals.

In summary, India mustard stands as a testament to nature’s ingenuity, offering a multitude of benefits that range from culinary to agricultural, while thriving in diverse environments across the globe.

Common Names

Dan: ager-stedmorsblomst, håret viol, jernurt, marts-viol, sarepta-sennep, tandbægret vårsalat
Eng: brown mustard, brown-mustard, chinese mustard, dijon-mustard, india mustard, indian mustard, indian-mustard, leaf mustard, oriental mustard, vegetable mustard, mustard, mustard salade, mustard-greens
Swe: buskviol, järnört, luktviol, sommarklynne, sareptasenap, åkerviol
Fra: chou faux jonc, moutarde brune, moutarde de sarepta, moutarde de chine, moutarde frisée, moutarde indienne, moutarde d’inde
Nor: jernurt, lodnefiol, marsfiol, tandbægret vårsalat, åkerstemorsblom
Fin: karvaorvokki, pelto-orvokki, rikkavuonankaali, rohtorautayrtti, tuoksuorvokki
Deu: ruten-kohl, ruten-kohl, sareptasenf, sarepta-senf, sareptasenf, brauner senf
Lit: sareptinis bastutis
Ces: brukev sítinovitá, kapusta sitinová
Swa: haradali, mastadi
Msa: kai choy, sawi pahit
Por: mostarda, mostarda-amarela, mostarda-branca, mostarda-de-folha, mostarda-indiana, mostarda-vermelha, nabo-forte
Spa: mostaza india
Est: sarepta kapsasrohi
Lav: sareptas sinepe
Ind: sawi, sesawi
Ita: senape indiana
Hun: szareptai mustár
Nld: sareptamosterd
En: India mustard, Oriental mustard, Leaf mustard, Vegetable mustard, Indian mustard, Chinese mustard, Brown mustard, Brown-mustard, Dijon-mustard, Indian-mustard, Mustard, Mustard Salade, Mustard-greens, Mustard Cabbage, Mustard greens, Charlock
Af: Spinasie-mosterd
Ar: خردل هندي
Hy: Մանանեխ սարեպտական
Az: Sarpet xardalı
Be: Гарчыца сарэпцкая
Bn: লাই শাক
Bg: Сарепска горчица
My: မုန်ညင်းဖြူ
Ca: Mostassa bruna
Zh: Jie cai, 芥菜
Cs: Brukev sítinovitá, Kapusta sitinová
Da: Sareptasennep, Ager-Stedmorsblomst, Håret Viol, Jernurt, Marts-Viol, Sarepta-sennep, Tandbægret Vårsalat
Dv: މުށި ރެވި
Nl: Sareptamosterd
Eo: Bruna sinapo
Et: Sarepta kapsasrohi
Fi: Japaninsinappi, Sareptansinappi, Karvaorvokki, Pelto-orvokki, Rikkavuonankaali, Rohtorautayrtti, Tuoksuorvokki
Fr: Moutarde brune, Moutarde de Chine, Moutarde de Sarepta, Moutarde frisée, Moutarde indienne, Chou faux Jonc, Moutarde d’Inde, Moutarde de l’Inde, Moutarde joncée, Brède-moutarde, Hirschfeldie grisâtre, Roquette bâtarde, Chou élancé, Moutarde chinoise
De: Ruten-Kohl, Sarepta-Senf, Brauner Senf, Ruten-Kohl, Sareptasenf, Sareptasenf
Gu: રાયડો
Hi: राई
Hu: Szareptai mustár
Is: Sinnepskál
Id: Sawi, Sesawi
It: Senape indiana, Cavolo giunchiforme
Ja: Karashi-na
Kk: Сарепт қышасы
Ko: Gas, 갓
Lv: Sareptas sinepe
Lt: Sareptinis bastutis
Ms: Sawi pahit, Kai choy, Sawi
Ne: रायो
No: Jernurt, Lodnefiol, Marsfiol, Tandbægret Vårsalat, Åkerstemorsblom
Pa: ਰਾਈ
Fa: خردل چینی
Pl: Kapusta sitowata
Pt: Mostarda-indiana, Mostarda-vermelha, Mostarda-castanha, Mostarda, Mostarda-amarela, Mostarda-branca, Mostarda-de-folha, Nabo-forte
Pt-br: Mostarda-marrom
Ru: Горчица сарептская
Es: Mostaza india, Mostaza de la India, Mostaza de Chine, Mostaza de India
Sw: Mastadi, Haradali
Sv: Sareptasenap, Buskviol, Järnört, Luktviol, Sommarklynne, Åkerviol
Tl: Mustasa
Ta: கடுகுக் கீரை
Te: భారతీయ ఆవాలు
Zh-hant: 芥菜
Uk: Гірчиця салатна
Vi: Cải bẹ xanh
Cy: Mwstard Tsieina
Za: Byaekgat

Synonyms

• Sinapis patens (Roxb.)
• Sinapis timoriana (DC.)
• Brassica juncea subsp. rugosa ((Roxb.))
• Brassica urbaniana (O.E.Schulz)
• Sinapis cernua (Thunb.)
• Sinapis japonica (Thunb.)
• Brassica napiformis var. multisecta (A.I.Baranov)
• Sinapis oleracea (C.Presl)
• Sinapis tenella (Moench)
• Brassica willdenovii (Boiss.)
• Brassica juncea var. elata ((Prain) O.E.Schulz)
• Brassica cernua ((Thunb.) F.B.Forbes & Hemsl.)
• Brassica oleracea var. taquetii (H.Lév. & Vaniot)
• Brassica juncea var. chinensis ((L.) N.Busch)
• Brassica juncea var. aspera ((Prain) O.E.Schulz)
• Brassica nigra var. japonica ((Thunb.) O.E.Schulz)
• Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza (Tsen & S.H.Lee)
• Brassica lanceolata ((DC.) Lange)
• Brassica juncea var. foliosa (L.H.Bailey)
• Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia ((H.West) Thell.)
• Rhamphospermum volgense (Andrz. ex Rupr.)
• Brassica integrifolia var. timoriana ((DC.) O.E.Schulz)
• Sinapis chinensis (L.)
• Brassica juncea var. integrifolia ((H.West) Sinskaya)
• Brassica arvensis var. juncea ((L.) Kuntze)
• Brassica juncea subsp. tsatsai ((Z.M.Mao) Gladis)
• Brassica taquetii ((H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Lév.)
• Sinapis rugosa (Roxb.)
• Brassica juncea subsp. urbaniana ((O.E.Schulz) Thell.)
• Brassica juncea var. oleifera (Prain)
• Brassica chinensis f. japonica ((Thunb.) M.Hiroe)
• Brassica juncea var. napiformis ((Pailleux & Bois) Kitam.)
• Brassica juncea var. rugosa ((Roxb.) Tsen & S.H.Lee)
• Sinapis cuneifolia (Roxb.)
• Sinapis lanceolata (DC.)
• Brassica cernua var. chirimenna (Makino)
• Brassica juncea var. multisecta (L.H.Bailey)
• Sinabraca juncea ((L.) G.H.Loos)
• Sinapis integrifolia var. chevalieri (Portères)
• Brassica juncea subsp. eujuncea (Thell.)
• Sinapis ramosa (Roxb.)
• Brassica chenopodiifolia (Sennen & Pau)
• Brassica besseriana (Andrz. ex Trautv.)
• Brassica napiformis ((Pailleux & Bois) L.H.Bailey)
• Sinapis juncea (L.)
• Sinapis sinensis (J.F.Gmel.)
• Brassica juncea var. multiceps (Tsen & S.H.Lee)
• Sinapis juncea var. napiformis (Pailleux & Bois)
• Brassica juncea var. longidens (L.H.Bailey)
• Brassica juncea var. gracilis (Tsen & S.H.Lee)
• Brassica juncea var. crispifolia (L.H.Bailey)
• Crucifera juncea ((L.) E.H.L.Krause)
• Raphanus junceus ((L.) Crantz)
• Brassica juncea subsp. napiformis ((Paillieux & Bois) Gladis)
• Brassica juncea var. laevis ((Prain) O.E.Schulz)
• Brassica integrifolia ((H.West) Rupr.)
• Brassica juncea var. japonica ((Thunb.) L.H.Bailey)
• Brassica argyi (H.Lév.)
• Brassica rugosa ((Roxb.) Prain)
• Brassica juncea var. tumida (Tsen & S.H.Lee)
• Brassica juncea var. tsatsai (Z.I.Mao)

Distribution

• North Caucasus (native)
• Transcaucasus (native)
• Afghanistan (introduced)
• Alabama (introduced)
• Alaska (introduced)
• Alberta (introduced)
• Aleutian Is. (introduced)
• Algeria (introduced)
• Altay (introduced)
• Amur (introduced)
• Andaman Is. (introduced)
• Angola (introduced)
• Argentina Northeast (introduced)
• Argentina Northwest (introduced)
• Arizona (introduced)
• Arkansas (introduced)
• Assam (introduced)
• Austria (introduced)
• Bahamas (introduced)
• Baltic States (introduced)
• Bangladesh (introduced)
• Belarus (introduced)
• Belgium (introduced)
• Belize (introduced)
• Bermuda (introduced)
• Bolivia (introduced)
• Borneo (introduced)
• Botswana (introduced)
• Brazil South (introduced)
• Brazil Southeast (introduced)
• Brazil West-Central (introduced)
• British Columbia (introduced)
• Bulgaria (introduced)
• Buryatiya (introduced)
• California (introduced)
• Cambodia (introduced)
• Cape Provinces (introduced)
• Caroline Is. (introduced)
• Central African Repu (introduced)
• Central American Pac (introduced)
• Central European Rus (introduced)
• China North-Central (introduced)
• China South-Central (introduced)
• China Southeast (introduced)
• Chita (introduced)
• Colombia (introduced)
• Colorado (introduced)
• Comoros (introduced)
• Congo (introduced)
• Connecticut (introduced)
• Cook Is. (introduced)
• Costa Rica (introduced)
• Cuba (introduced)
• Czechoslovakia (introduced)
• Delaware (introduced)
• District of Columbia (introduced)
• Djibouti (introduced)
• Dominican Republic (introduced)
• East European Russia (introduced)
• East Himalaya (introduced)
• Egypt (introduced)
• El Salvador (introduced)
• Florida (introduced)
• France (introduced)
• Free State (introduced)
• French Guiana (introduced)
• Gabon (introduced)
• Georgia (introduced)
• Gilbert Is. (introduced)
• Great Britain (introduced)
• Guatemala (introduced)
• Guinea (introduced)
• Gulf of Guinea Is. (introduced)
• Haiti (introduced)
• Hawaii (introduced)
• Hungary (introduced)
• Idaho (introduced)
• Illinois (introduced)
• India (introduced)
• Indiana (introduced)
• Iowa (introduced)
• Iran (introduced)
• Iraq (introduced)
• Irkutsk (introduced)
• Ivory Coast (introduced)
• Jamaica (introduced)
• Japan (introduced)
• Jawa (introduced)
• Kansas (introduced)
• Kazakhstan (introduced)
• Kentucky (introduced)
• Kenya (introduced)
• Khabarovsk (introduced)
• Kirgizstan (introduced)
• Korea (introduced)
• Krasnoyarsk (introduced)
• Krym (introduced)
• Kuril Is. (introduced)
• Kuwait (introduced)
• KwaZulu-Natal (introduced)
• Leeward Is. (introduced)
• Libya (introduced)
• Louisiana (introduced)
• Maine (introduced)
• Malawi (introduced)
• Malaya (introduced)
• Maluku (introduced)
• Manitoba (introduced)
• Marianas (introduced)
• Maryland (introduced)
• Masachusettes (introduced)
• Mauritania (introduced)
• Mauritius (introduced)
• Mexico Central (introduced)
• Mexico Northwest (introduced)
• Michigan (introduced)
• Minnesota (introduced)
• Mississippi (introduced)
• Missouri (introduced)
• Montana (introduced)
• Mozambique (introduced)
• Nebraska (introduced)
• Nepal (introduced)
• Nevada (introduced)
• New Brunswick (introduced)
• New Caledonia (introduced)
• New Guinea (introduced)
• New Hampshire (introduced)
• New Jersey (introduced)
• New Mexico (introduced)
• New South Wales (introduced)
• New York (introduced)
• New Zealand North (introduced)
• Newfoundland (introduced)
• Nicaragua (introduced)
• Nicobar Is. (introduced)
• Niue (introduced)
• Norfolk Is. (introduced)
• North Carolina (introduced)
• North Dakota (introduced)
• North European Russi (introduced)
• Northern Provinces (introduced)
• Northwest European R (introduced)
• Northwest Territorie (introduced)
• Norway (introduced)
• Nova Scotia (introduced)
• Ohio (introduced)
• Oklahoma (introduced)
• Oman (introduced)
• Ontario (introduced)
• Oregon (introduced)
• Pakistan (introduced)
• Paraguay (introduced)
• Pennsylvania (introduced)
• Peru (introduced)
• Philippines (introduced)
• Portugal (introduced)
• Primorye (introduced)
• Prince Edward I. (introduced)
• Queensland (introduced)
• Québec (introduced)
• Rhode I. (introduced)
• Rodrigues (introduced)
• Romania (introduced)
• Rwanda (introduced)
• Réunion (introduced)
• Sakhalin (introduced)
• Saskatchewan (introduced)
• Saudi Arabia (introduced)
• Sierra Leone (introduced)
• Society Is. (introduced)
• South Australia (introduced)
• South Carolina (introduced)
• South Dakota (introduced)
• South European Russi (introduced)
• Spain (introduced)
• Sri Lanka (introduced)
• Sulawesi (introduced)
• Sweden (introduced)
• Tadzhikistan (introduced)
• Taiwan (introduced)
• Tanzania (introduced)
• Tennessee (introduced)
• Texas (introduced)
• Trinidad-Tobago (introduced)
• Tunisia (introduced)
• Turkmenistan (introduced)
• Tuva (introduced)
• Ukraine (introduced)
• Utah (introduced)
• Uzbekistan (introduced)
• Venezuela (introduced)
• Vermont (introduced)
• Vietnam (introduced)
• Virginia (introduced)
• Washington (introduced)
• West Himalaya (introduced)
• West Siberia (introduced)
• West Virginia (introduced)
• Western Australia (introduced)
• Windward Is. (introduced)
• Wisconsin (introduced)
• Wyoming (introduced)
• Yemen (introduced)
• Zaïre (introduced)
• Zimbabwe (introduced)

Additional Images

© copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

© copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

© copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Habit

Taken Feb 17, 2022 by Naushad BM (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 17, 2021 by fred fred (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jan 18, 2020 by Karen (cc-by-sa)

Taken Feb 5, 2020 by Kevin Findlater (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jan 17, 2020 by SBU (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Taken Apr 11, 2021 by koji tanaka (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jan 1, 1900 by EOL − Bart Wursten (cc-by-nc)

Taken Feb 20, 2021 by Garcia Sylvain (cc-by-sa)

Taken Feb 24, 2020 by asia (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jul 21, 2021 by Michelle Schnelker (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Taken Nov 19, 2020 by Lisa Ani (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jan 27, 2020 by Michaël Cid (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 25, 2021 by Matheus Gomes (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 17, 2021 by fred fred (cc-by-sa)

Taken Oct 26, 2022 by nu ver (cc-by-sa)

Bark

Taken Apr 16, 2020 by Khadijah Khan (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 24, 2022 by ernesto kochanq (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 11, 2022 by ernesto kochanq (cc-by-sa)

Taken Nov 11, 2022 by ernesto kochanq (cc-by-sa)

Taken Feb 23, 2021 by Villar Alfonso (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Taken May 10, 2014 by EOL − Michael Wunderli (cc-by)

Taken Oct 15, 2008 by Photoflora – Jean-Luc TASSET (©)

Taken Jun 30, 2020 by Eramie Peyrot (cc-by-sa)

Taken Jun 3, 2021 by Flamm Regina (cc-by-sa)

Taken Apr 28, 2022 by PANJU BORKAKATY (cc-by-sa)

Other

Taken May 18, 2015 by OTS – Oviedo-Brenes, Federico (cc-by-nc-sa)

Taken May 18, 2015 by OTS – Oviedo-Brenes, Federico (cc-by-nc-sa)

Taken May 18, 2015 by OTS – Oviedo-Brenes, Federico (cc-by-nc-sa)

Taken May 18, 2015 by OTS – Oviedo-Brenes, Federico (cc-by-nc-sa)

Taken Jan 21, 2021 by Erich🦅 Ju (cc-by-sa)

Sources

• WFO (No URL)
• IPNI (No URL)
• GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/species/3042751)
• POWO (http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60442520-2)
• PlantNet (https://identify.plantnet.org/species/the-plant-list/Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.)

Specifications

Growth form: Single Crown

Growth habit: Forb/herb

Growth rate: Rapid

Growth

Sowing: Direct seed outdoors, thin seedings to 15cm apart

Row spacing: {‘cm’: 3}

Spread: {‘cm’: 30}

Ph maximum: 7.2

Ph minimum: 6.0

Light: 8

Atmospheric humidity: 7

Soil nutriments: 8