Freudian slip – Wikipedia

In psychoanalysis, a Freudian slip, also called parapraxis, is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that occurs due to the interference of an unconscious subdued wish or internal train of thought. Classical examples involve slips of the tongue, but psychoanalytic theory also embraces misreadings, mishearings, mistypings, temporary forgettings, and the mislaying and losing of objects.

History[edit]

Origin & development[edit]

The Freudian slip is named after Sigmund Freud, who, in his 1901 book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,[1] described and analyzed a large number of seemingly trivial, even bizarre, or nonsensical errors and slips, most notably the Signorelli parapraxis.

Freud, himself, referred to these slips as Fehlleistungen[1] (meaning “faulty functions”,[1] “faulty actions” or “misperformances” in German); the Greek term parapraxes (plural of parapraxis; from Greek παρά (para) ‘another’, and πρᾶξις (praxis) ‘action’) was the creation of his English translator, as is the form “symptomatic action”.[citation needed]

Freud’s process of psychoanalysis is often described as being lengthy and complex, as was the case with many of the dreams in his 1899 book The Interpretation of Dreams. An obstacle that faces the non-German-speaking reader is such that in original German, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud’s emphasis on “slips of the tongue” leads to the inclusion of a great deal of colloquial and informal material that are extremely resistant to translations.[2]

As in What Happened To Diamond
study of dreams, Freud submits his discussion with the intention of demonstrating the existence of unconscious mental processes in the healthy :

In the same way that psycho-analysis makes use of dream interpretation, it also profits by the study of the numerous little slips and mistakes which people make—symptomatic actions, as they are called … I have pointed out that these phenomena are not accidental, that they require more than physiological explanations, that they have a meaning and can be interpreted, and that one is justified in inferring from them the presence of restrained or repressed impulses and intentions. [Freud, An Autobiographical Study (1925)]

Research & studies[edit]

A 1979 study investigated Freudian slips by having male demo participants who had been primed with a stimulus either related mập sex or an electric shock Khủng read a danh sách of words that had meaningful spoonerisms related phệ both stimuli. Primed participants had a far higher rate of spoonerism related phệ the specific stimulus. [ tam ]

Alternative explanations[edit]

In contrast lớn psychoanalytic theorists, cognitive psychologists say that linguistic slips can represent a sequencing conflict in grammar production. From this perspective, slips may be due béo cognitive underspecification that can take a variety of forms – inattention, incomplete sense dữ liệu or insufficient knowledge. Secondly, they may be due mập the existence of some locally appropriate response pattern that is strongly primed by its prior usage, recent activation or emotional change or by the situation calling conditions. [ bốn ]Some sentences are just susceptible phệ the process of banalisation : the replacement of archaic or unusual expressions with forms that are in more common use. In other words, the errors were due mập strong habit substitution. [ bốn ]

Slips of the tongue[edit]

In general use, the term ‘ Freudian slip ‘ has been debased bự refer béo any accidental slips of the tongue. [ 5 ] Thus many examples are found in explanations & dictionaries which vì not strictly fit the psychoanalytic definition .For example : She : ‘ What would you lượt thích — bread và butter, or cake ? ‘ He : ‘ Bed & butter. ‘ [ 5 ]

In the above, the man may be presumed to have a sexual feeling or intention that he wished to leave unexpressed, not a sexual feeling or intention that was dynamically repressed. His sexual intention was therefore secret, rather than subconscious, and any ‘parapraxis’ would inhere in the idea that he unconsciously wished to express that intention, rather than in the sexual connotation of the substitution. Freudians might point out, however, that this is simply a description of what Freud and Breuer termed the preconscious which Freud defined as thoughts that are not presently conscious but can become conscious without meeting any resistance.[6] In Freud’s theory, he allows parapraxes to be generated in the preconscious,[7] so he would allow for thoughts that one tries to put outside of consciousness to have effects on conscious actions.

Human-computer interaction[edit]

Beyond slips of the tongue, these accidental human errors also commonly occur in the realm of human-computer interaction. In the context of interaction thiết kế, slips refer lớn an incorrect action that is taken with the correct intention. [ tám ] As opposed phệ mistakes, which refer Khủng an incorrect action due phệ an incorrect intention, slips result from automatic behaviors that are triggered by external factors, distracting the user from carrying out their intended goal. There are many different types of slips in interaction thiết kế, including capture errors, mô tả tìm kiếm similarity slips, data-driven errors, associative activation, loss of activation, và mode errors .Capture errors occur when a familiar behavior takes end a less frequently occurring behavior. [ 9 ] An example of a capture error would be driving phệ the office on a Saturday when the intention was mập go bự the grocery store .Description similarity slips occur when an action is taken upon an thành quả that is similar lớn the one you intended. [ 10 ] For example, flipping the switch for the bathroom vent người hâm mộ instead of the light switch mập turn on the bathroom light would be a mô tả tìm kiếm similarity slip .Data-driven errors occur in the arrival of mới ra sensory information that triggers an automatic response, such as dialing the khách sạn concierge bự reserve a particular room & dialing the room number instead. [ 11 ]Associative activation errors are caused by an internal correlation of two actions. [ 11 ] For example, associating the phone ringing with someone knocking on the door & saying ” come in ” as a response would represent a type of associative activation error. Associative activation errors are also considered accidental slips of the tongue .Loss of activation is the error of executing an action but forgetting the goal behind the intended action. [ 11 ] A common example of a loss of activation error is walking into a room và forgetting the purpose for walking into the room .Lastly, mode errors occur when the input đầu vào for an action is the same for different modes of operation, but the output of that action varies according bự the selected mode. [ 11 ] Thes e errors could easily occur with the gear shift control in cars, since the action of stepping on the gas pedal bự execute the action is the same for all gears, but the direction in which the oto moves depends on the selected gear. This could lead lớn detrimental consequences if a user was accidentally in reverse mode but intended Khủng be in drive mode .

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Bloom, J. (2007, October). Lecture. Presented at New School University, New York, New York.
• Baars et al. (1992). Some caveats on testing the Freudian Slip Hypothesis, Experimental Slips and Human Error: Exploring the Architecture of Volition.
• Freud, Sigmund. (1991 [1915]) Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books Ltd; New Ed edition, pp50–108
• Jacoby L.L., & Kelley, C.M. (1992). A process-dissociation framework for investigating unconscious influences: Freudian slips, projective tests, subliminal perception and signal detection theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 174–179.
• Motley, M.T. (1985). “Slips of the tongue”, Scientific American, 253, 116–127
• Smith, D.J. Speech Errors, Speech Production Models, and Speech Pathology, (2003), Online. Internet. https://web.archive.org/web/20071205074434/http://www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk/speech-errors.html

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